Study Guided Essay Example for Free

Study Guided Essay cite and explain the five radical functions cat valium to national governments throughout the world. The five basic functions common to national governments throughout the world are to establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty.Providing justice means to ensure fairness to all people, insuring domestic tranquility to keep peace, provide for the common defense signification provide an army to defend against attack, promoting the general welfare meaning to ensure health and needed things, and securing the blessings of liberty meaning to keep all rights of the people secure. 2. touch on government and define politics. Government is the system by which a nation, state or community is controlled under. Politics is the activities associated with the government of a country or area.List and explain four common challenges to land. One of the four common challenge s to democracy is the fact that representatives elected by the people may not really be the most capable for forming a government not all people know what the best way of government is or who is most capable of foot race it. Another is the fact that the people elected to govern may compromise the interest of the public to serve their own interests. Another of the four common challenges to democracy is the size of a democratic government it is often very large, which can lead to conflict and gridlock.Finally, since a government is dependent on the votes of the people, the members may manifestly take short-term actions that will help them get elected, rather than actions which will help the nation for the long run. 4. How is public policy resolute and implemented? pic a. How does a persons problem become a policy push through? b. List the four linkage institutions and identify how each one connects the policy issue with policymaking institutions. c. List the four Policy Making (PM ) institutions. Explain each, as well as their collective role in the PM System.This electoral plan was democratic, yet not at all completely democratic. It was democratic in such a way that the people have a say in who becomes hot seat and get to vote on it. It was not completely democratic, however, because of the fact that they were not directly voting on candidates and because technically, their votes meant nothing in the case of a disloyal elector. 8. What has since changed? How? The electoral college still elects the president every four years, but it no longer has all of the say in who becomes president like it used to. 9. Who determined the eligibility for voting in federal elections? At the time of the Constitutions ratification, who was eligible to vote?The Federal Elections Commission determined the eligibility for voting in federal elections. At the time of the Constitutions ratification, only white males who owned land were eligible to vote in these federal election s. 10. Identify the influences of John Locke on the founding fathers and analyze how his social contract influenced our founding documents. Be sure to identify the terms social contract, natural rights, consent of the governed and popular sovereignty. John Locke had a profound influence on political philosophy especially on modern liberalism. He argued supporting the social contract, an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social beliefs.

Energy Resource Challenges Essay Example for Free

Energy Resource Challenges Essayrenewable vital force is energy generated from natural resources, such as sunlight, wind, and biomass fermentation. These alternative energies do not disability the environment or wear out natural resources. In fact, these exploitable energies argon derived from sources that have the capacity to replenish themselves, thus depicting them as infinite energy. Renewable energy is also identified as clean or green energy because it does not generate pollutants or toxins that are dangerous to the environment.The major breastwork to wind energy use and management is the present insufficiency of transmission systems that distribute electricity from the best resource sites in isolated areas to where it will be used in metropolitan areas. For solar energy, attempting to seize sun rays over a wide area can be very difficult. In addition, the energy in any given place will vary because of weather and cloud conditions. For biomass fermentation, the foremost challenge occurs when a minute level of greenhouse gases are produced through the process of generating the energy.Moreover, extensive crop production will require vast areas of water and land, indicating significant problems. Another renewable energy is the hydro power energy, which is produced by using of electric generators that extract energy from water current (AEoogle). Streams and rivers are conveyed through hydro generators to produce energy, even though on that point are unfavorable consequences in so far as the environment is concerned. unrenewable energy, in contrast, is energy generated through burning of fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas.Nonrenewable energy resources cause pollution through the emissions of greenhouse gases. Nonrenewable energy will eventually run out if they are continuously used, given that there are only limited resources of fossil fuels on the planet. In addition, nuclear fuels cause waste materials that are dangerous to human and to the environment.ReferenceAEoogle. (n. d. ). Hydro Power. Retrieved February 20, 2009, from http//www. alternative-energy-news. info/ engine room/hydro/

Successful brand extensions in the FMCG industry

Successful nock quotations in the FMCG laborINTRODUCTION nock computer address or dent stretching is a commercialize strategy in which a firm commercializeing a harvest-home with a well-developed image uses the same brand name in a divergent result category. The new product is called a spin-off. Organizations use this strategy to extend and leverage brand equity (definition the net worth and long-term sustainability just from the noted name). An example of a brand extension is Jello-gelatin creating Jello pudding pops. It increases awareness of the brand name and increases profitability from offerings in to a greater extent than star product category.A brands extendibility depends on how strong consumers associations are to the brands values and goals. While there can be significant benefits in brand extension strategies, there can excessively be significant risks, resulting in a diluted or severely damaged brand image. Poor choices for brand extension may dilute and fall the core brand and damage the brand equity. Most of the literature focuses on the consumer evaluation and positive impact on conjure up brand. In practical cases, the failures of brand extension are at extravagantlyer rate than the successes. Some studies show that nix impact may dilute brand image and equity. In raise of the positive impact of brand extension, negative association and wrong communication strategy do harm to the parent brand even brand family.Organizations frequently fol secondary brand extension strategies. This paper investigates the impact of category affinity, brand reputation, comprehend risk, and consumer innovativeness on the success of brand extensions in FMCG, dur able goods, and services sectors. A set of hypotheses were developed and tested in a study amongst 153 consumers. The findings show that extensions into categories more similar to the original brand tend to be more quickly accepted. Likewise, the reputation of the original brand is a n important factor influencing the success of the extension. These findings are uniform across FMCG, durable goods, and services brands. However, perceived risk ab by the extension category was only found to enhance acceptability of extensions for durable goods and services brands. mod consumers are more positively disposed towards service brand extensions than FMCG and durable goods brand extensions.REVIEW OF LITERATUREIn his paper, Hem Leif E a set of hypotheses were developed and tested in a study amongst 701 consumers. The findings show that extensions into categories more similar to the original brand tend to be more readily accepted. Likewise, the reputation of the original brand is an important factor influencing the success of the extension. These findings are consistent across FMCG, durable goods and services brands. However, perceived risk about the extension category was only found to enhance acceptability of extensions for durable goods and services brands. Innovative consumers are more positively disposed towards service brand extensions than FMCG and durable goods brand extensions.(Factors Influencing Successful Brand Extensions By Hem, Leif E. de Chernatony, Leslie Iversen, Nina M.. Journal of Marketing Management, Sep2003, Vol. 19 cut 7/8)In his paper, Thamaraiselvan, Raja, projects the intense competitive environment where companies launch new products to satisfy constantly changing consumers preferences. The new products are prone to failures due to umteen factors. Companies take efforts to reduce new product failure rates to maximize their returns for their stakeholders. A brand extension, leveraging existing brand names to new product categories is one such strategy to reduce the risk of new product failures. This study primarily focuses on how consumers evaluate brand extensions for FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) and service product categories in Indian market conditions. It explores how exactly the consumers evaluate different prod uct categories based on factors like, similarity fit, perceived quality, brand reputation and perceived risk. It brings out the impact of brand reputation of the core brand and perceived service quality on the brand extensions evaluations. It highlights the role of perceived risk involved in the extended product category in brand extensions evaluations. Most importantly, this study establishes the relationships among similarity fit, brand reputation, perceived service quality and perceived risk in extended product categories through appropriate multivariate analysis.(How do Consumers Evaluate Brand Extensions- Research findings from India. By Thamaraiselvan, N. Raja, J.. Journal of Services Research, Apr2008, Vol. 8 Issue 1 )In his article, Park, examines two factors that differentiate between successful and unsuccessful brand extensions product feature similarity and brand archetype consistency. The results reveal that, in identifying brand extensions, consumers take into account not only information about the product-level feature similarity between the new product and the products already associated with the brand, but also the concept consistency between the brand concept and the extension. For both function-oriented and prestige-oriented brand names, the most favorable reactions occur when brand extensions are made with high brand concept consistency and high product feature similarity. In addition, the relative impact of these two factors differs to some extent, depending on the nature of the brand-name concept. When a brands concept is consistent with those of its extension products, the prestige brand seems to have greater extendibility to products with low feature similarity than the functional brand does.(Evaluation of Brand Extensions The Role of Product Feature Similarity and Brand Concept Consistency. By Park, C. Whan Milberg, Sandra Lawson, Robert. Journal of Consumer Research, Sep91, Vol. 18 Issue 2 )In his research paper, Hem Leif, projects t hat the most successful brand extensions are considered to be those having high perceived similarity between the parent brand and the extensions, and being well known in the marketplace. However, previous research has mainly examined the cause of overall measures of perceived similarity between a parent brand and an extension. Correspondingly, little is known about the effects of different areas of consumer knowledge. This study investigates the effects of three types of perceived similarity (usage, associations, competence) and three areas of consumer knowledge (original brand, original category, extension category) on evaluations of brand extensions. The results indicate that some types of perceived similarity and knowledge are more important than others. These findings implicate that brand managers need to identify and measure the relevant types of perceived similarity and knowledge that give affect evaluations of brand extensions in order to design stiff communication strate gies for extensions.(Effects of different types of perceived similarity and subjective knowledge in evaluations of brand extensions. By Hem, Leif E. Iversen, Nina M.. International Journal of Market Research, 2009, Vol. 51 Issue 6 )In his article, Swaminathan, focuses on the impact of a new brand extension introduction on choice in a behavioral context victimization national kinfolk scanner data involving multiple brand extensions. Particularly, the authors investigate the reciprocal impact of trial of successful and unsuccessful brand extensions on parent brand choice. In addition, the authors examine the effects of experience with the parent brand on consumers trial and repeat of a brand extension using household scanner data on six brand extensions from a national panel. In the case of successful brand extensions, the results show positive reciprocal effects of extension trial on parent brand choice, particularly among prior non-users of the parent brand, and consequently on mar ket share. The authors find evidence for potential negative reciprocal effects of unsuccessful extensions. In addition, the study shows that experience with the parent brand has a significant impact on extension trial, but not on extension repeat.(The Impact of Brand Extension Introduction on Choice. By Swaminathan, Vanitha Fox, Richard J. Reddy, Srinivas K.. Journal of Marketing, Oct2001, Vol. 65 Issue 4 )INDIAN FMCG INDUSTRYThe Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy with a total market coat in excess of $13.1 billion. It has a strong MNC straw man and is characterized by a well established distribution network, intense competition between the organised and unorganised segments and low operational cost. Availability of key raw materials, cheaper lug costs and presence across the entire value chain gives India a competitive advantage. The FMCG market is set to treble from $11.6 billion in 2003 to $33.4 billion in 2015. Penetration level as well as per capi ta consumption in most product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, hair wash etc in India is low indicating the untapped market potential. Burgeoning Indian population, particularly the middle chassis and the rural segments, presents an opportunity to makers of mark products to convert consumers to branded products. Growth is also likely to trace from consumer upgrading in the matured product categories. With 200 trillion people expected to shift to processed and packaged food by 2010, India needs around $28 billion of investment in the food- treat application.The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy and creates employment for three million people in downstream activities. Within the FMCG sector, the Indian food processing industry represented 6.3 per cent of GDP and accounted for 13 percent of the countrys exports in 2003-04. A distinct feature of the FMCG industry is the presence of most global players through their subsidiaries (HLL, PG, Ne stle), which ensures new product launches in the Indian market from the parents portfolio. Demand for FMCG products is set to boom by almost 60 per cent by 2007 and more than 100 per cent by 2015. This willing be driven by the rise in share of middle class from 67 per cent in 2003 to 88 per cent in 2015. The boom in various consumer categories, further, indicates a latent take away for various product segments. For example, the focal ratio end of very rich and a part of the consuming class indicate a small but rapidly festering segment for branded products. The middle segment, on the other hand, indicates a large market for the mass end products.The BRICs report indicates that Indias per capita disposable income, currently at $556 per annum, will rise to $1150 by 2015 another FMCG demand driver. Spurt in the industrial and services sector growth is also likely to boost the urban consumption demand.HOUSEHOLD grappleThe size of the fabric wash market is estimated to be $1 billio n, household cleaners to be $239 million and the production of synthetic detergents at 2.6 million tonnes. The demand for detergents has been growing at an annual growth rate of 10 to 11 per cent during the past five years. The urban market prefers washing powder and detergents to bars. The regional and small un-organised players account for a major share of the total volume of the detergent market.PERSONAL CAREThe size of the own(prenominal) wash products is estimated at $989 million hair care products at $831 million and oral care products at $537 million. While the overall personal wash market is growing at one per cent, the premium and middle-end soaps are growing at 10 per cent. The leading players in this market are HUL, Nirma, Godrej Soaps and Reckitt Colman. The oral care market, especially toothpastes, remains under penetrated in India (with penetration level below 45 per cent). The industry is very competitive both for organised and smaller regional players. The Indian s kin care and cosmetics market is valued at $274 million and dominated by HUL, Colgate Palmolive, Gillette India and Godrej Soaps. The coconut oil market accounts for 72 per cent share in the hair oil market. In the branded coconut hair oil market, Marico (with Parachute) and Dabur are the leading players. The market for branded coconut oil is valued at approximately $174 million.FOOD AND BEVERAGESThe size of the Indian food processing industry is around $ 65.6 billion, including $20.6 billion of value added products. Of this, the health beverage industry is valued at $230 million bread and biscuits at $1.7 billion chocolates at $73 million and ice creams at $188 million. The size of the semi-processed/ready-to-eat food segment is over $1.1 billion. Large biscuits confectionery units, soya processing units and starch/glucose/sorbitol producing units have also come up, catering to domestic and international markets. The three largest consumed categories of packaged foods are packed t ea, biscuits and soft drinks. The Indian beverage industry faces over supply in segments like coffee and tea. However, more than half of this is available in unpacked or loose form. Indian hot beverage market is a tea dominant market. Consumers in different parts of the country have heterogeneous tastes. Dust tea is popular in southern India, dapple loose tea in preferred in western India. The urban-rural split of the tea market was 5149 in 2000. Coffee is consumed largely in the southern states. The size of the total packaged coffee market is 19,600 tonnes or $87 million. The total soft drink (carbonated beverages and juices) market is estimated at 284 million crates a year or $1 billion. The market is highly annealal in nature with consumption varying from 25 million crates per month during peak season to 15 million during offseason. The market is predominantly urban with 25 per cent contribution from rural areas. Coca cola and Pepsi dominate the Indian soft drinks market. miner al water market in India is a 65 million crates ($50 million) industry. On an average, the monthly consumption is estimated at 4.9 million crates, which increases to 5.2 million during peak season.With the presence of 12.2% of the world population in the villages of India, the Indian rural FMCG market is something no one can overlook. Increased focus on farm sector will boost rural incomes, hence providing better growth prospects to the FMCG companies. Better infrastructure facilities will improve their supply chain. FMCG sector is also likely to benefit from growing demand in the market. Because of the low per capita consumption for almost all the products in the country, FMCG companies have immense possibilities for growth. And if the companies are able to change the mindset of the consumers, i.e. if they are able to take the consumers to branded products and offer new generation products, they would be able to generate higher growth in the near future. It is expected that the rur al income will rise in 2007, boosting purchasing power in the countryside. However, the demand in urban areas would be the key growth driver over the long term. Also, increase in the urban population, along with increase in income levels and the availability of new categories, would help the urban areas maintain their position in terms of consumption. At present, urban India accounts for 66% of total FMCG consumption, with rural India accounting for the remaining 34%. However, rural India accounts for more than 40% consumption in major FMCG categories such as personal care, fabric care, and hot beverages. In urban areas, home and personal care category, including skin care, household care and feminine hygiene, will keep growing at relatively attractive rates. Within the foods segment, it is estimated that processed foods, bakery, and dairy are long-term growth categories in both rural and urban areas.

Impact of Einsteins Discoveries

Impact of whizs DiscoveriesTOPIC DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF brainiacS INVENTIONS ON SOCIETY conceptionAlbert Einstein is one of the most celebrated scientists in history. His work helped bring a new era of discovery and knowledge to the bea of physics. However he is non just known for his famous equation for the conservation of energy and matter or his theory of relativity. Throughout his career he became the Edison of physics service to contribute some(prenominal) important pieces of physics to our understanding of the universe and how it works. Without Einsteins foundations we would be further behind in physics than we are now. at that place are two major contributions he made in physics. The most interesting correlation was his visionary view of the universe and how it works. Many believed that Einstein has been adapted to construct a mental image of the universe and used this as the basis of much of his works. Every time he makes a new proposal of marriage the experiments and data would prove making him the da Vinci of the 20th century. Many articles have been written about Albert Einstein for the universe.HISTORY OF EINSTEINAlbert Einstein was a German theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the pillars of modern physics. He is best known in popular culture for his mass-energy equivalence verbal expression E=mc2. He received the Nobel Prize in physics for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the kingdom of Wurttemberg in the German empire on 14 March 1879. His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein. The family moved to Munich in 1880. Albert Einstein attended a catholic school from the age of five for three years. When he was eight he was transferred to the luitpold gymnasium, where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left Germany seven years later.On 17 April 1955, Albert Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rapture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically in 1948. He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the terra firma of Israels seventh anniversary with him to the hospital, but didnt live long enough to complete it. Einstein refused surgery sayingI want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share it is time to go. I will do it elegantly. He died in the hospital early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work even till the end. During the autopsy, the pathologist of Princeton hospital removed Einsteins instinct-set for preservation without the permission of his family, with the hope that scientist would be able to discover what made him so intelligent. Einsteins remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location. INVENTIONS OF EINSTEINEinsteins invention changed the world in a variety of ways and while most people know the man is one of the many geniuses to ever live, most people dont know exactly what he did or invented. The follo get alongg are most of Einsteins inventionThe Refrigerator this is one of the most important inventions in the society by Einstein. This was incredibly important because it allowed people to store food in a unheated place for an extended period of time, rather than forcing them to eat it on the spot or lose money when the foods spoiled. The refrigerator too helped reduce diseases among people who would occasionally eat rotten food because they didnt know or were hungry and didnt have any other option.The Theory of Relativity this theory is also known as E=mc2 which is Einsteins best invention, as it is what led to the ability to create nuclear fusion. This invention has two opposite effect, as it allowed people to harness energy but also allowed people to build the nuclear bomb.Why the Sky is Blue Einstein solved this question by calculating the scattering of light from molecules. He proved this by conducting a simple experiment.Quantum Physics this theory is called the photoelectric effect. This showed that when a quanta of light strikes atoms in metal, electrons are released. This was the basis for quantum physics, which Einstein also invented through his experimentation.Formula for Brownian motion this is one of his early inventions, based on experiments he did while he was in college. He described the Brownian motion as the movement of particles in liquids. No one has documented this strongly till Einstein came.IMPACT OF EINSTEINS INVENTIONS ON SOCIETYThough Einstein did not write his most important essays for practical use or personal profit, his unique thoughts on light, time and distance have led to many technological innovations which appear to us today to be quite normal. Many people associate Einstein with the development of t he atomic bomb or nuclear energy. In 1905, Einstein was indeed the first person to prove that atoms actually exist. And in his most famous formula that E=mc2, he showed that the mass of atoms contains enormous quantities of energy. But this theory was only of indirect importance of the atomic revolution.His ideas had much direct influence on inventions such as the television, for example. It is thanks to his special theory of relativity that we are able to receive such sharp images today. Electrons are accelerated in a television and fit to the theory of relativity, the mass of electrons thereby increases measurably. Digital cameras can only take pictures because they contain sensor which converts light into electricity. The principle can be traced directly tush to Einstein, who explained the photoelectric effect. Not just that, his work form the basis for the development of all equipment which converts light into electricity from digital cameras to solar cells which also made hi m win the Nobel Prize in November 1922.All the technologies which involve the use of optical maser beams are based on Einsteins theories. Einstein was the first to recognize the principles of monochrome, bundled laser light. Satellite-assisted positioning systems on earth, so-called GPS, make use of Einsteins idea. Einsteins influence on present day inventions is still effective till now. Einstein played an important role in pending quantum computer technological revolution. He recognized that particles can be in diverse states at the same time.POSITIVE IMPACTS OF EINSTEINS INVENTIONSAlbert Einsteins major contribution to science has extracted the positive impacts. One of his impacts is his early work on relativity dealt only with systems or observers in uniform motion with respect to one another and is referred to as the special theory of relativity. In 1911 he insist the equivalence of gravitation and inertia, and in 1916 he completed his mathematical formulation of a general t heory of relativity that included gravitation as a determiner of the curvature of a space time continuum.Another of Einsteins impact is the invention of photons and the quantum theory. He postulated light quantum, upon which he based his business relationship of the photoelectric effect, and he developed the quantum theory of specific heat. Although he was one of the leading figures in the development of quantum theory, Einstein regarded it as only a temporarily useful structure. Einstein wished his theories to have that simplicity and beauty which he thought fitting for an interpretation of the universe and which he did not find in quantum theory. controvert IMPACTS OF EINSTEINS INVENTIONSAlbert Einstein published his special theory of relativity and his general theory of relativity was made public in 1915. He did not directly participate in the invention of atomic bombs but as we go on we will get to know that he was instrumental in facilitating its development. He declared that large amount of energy could be released from the small amount of matter, with the equation E=mc2. Though bombs were not what he had in mind when in published his equation. Einsteins greatest role in the invention of the atomic bomb was signing a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt urge on that the bomb be built. As the realization of nuclear weapons grew near, Einstein looked beyond the current warfare to future problems that such weapons could bring. He wrote to physicist Niels Bohr in December 1944,when the war is over, then there will be in all countries a pursuit of secret war preparations with technological means which will lead inescapably to preventative wars and to destruction even more terrible than the present destruction of life.Clark, pg. 698. In November 1954, five months before his death, Einstein summarized his feelings about his role in the origination of the atomic bombI made one great mistake in my life when I signed the letter to president Roosevelt recomme nding that atom bombs be made, but there was some justification the danger that Germans would make them.Clark, pg. 752CONCLUSIONAlberts intellectual growth was strongly fostered at home. His mother, a talented pianist, ensured the pincerrens musical education. His father regularly read schiller and Heine aloud to the family. Uncle Jakob challenged Albert with mathematical problems, which he solved with deep feelings of happiness. More significant were the weekly visits of max Talmud from 1889 to 1894 during which time he introduced the boy to popular scientific texts that brought to an end a short-lived religious phase, convincing him that a lot in the bible stories could not be true. A textbook of plane geometry that he quickly worked through led on to an avid self-study of mathematics, several years ahead of school curriculum.REFERENCESThe legend of a dull-witted child who grew up to be a genius Albert Einstein archives. Retrieved 23 July 2012Whittaker, E.(1955).Albert Einstein. 1879-1955. Biographical memoirs of fellows of the royal society.Hans-josef kuepper. list of scientific publications of Albert Einstein. Einstein-website.de.retrieved 3 April 2011.The Columbia electrons encyclopedia, 6th ed. secure 2012, Columbia university press.Richard Rhodes, the making of the atomic bomb. Ronald clark, Einstein the life and times, the American institute of physics albert Einstein websiteAlbert Einstein inventions by Irving Oala 29th may 2011, tech and gear.NASA hint child biography of Albert Einstein, was Einstein a space alien? article

Effect of Urban Settings on Population Health

Effect of urban Settings on Population HealthPolicies of Urban supply that Influence Built EnvironmentUrban settings necessitate a direct impact on the wellness of the people who live there. Our lifestyles, living standards, health and favorable behaviours had a significant changes as a result of urbanization. Ratio of people living as drastically changes as before ten year tierce out of ten be living in cities but in future approx 2050 ,seven out of ten will be living in cities(10). Urban ara provide great opportunities for individuals and families to prosper and opportunity with enhanced access to services, culture and recreation that provides a health living environment, because of this favourable aspects people be attracted by urban cities as started living there. But with this favourable condition there are health encounter too for people living in cities as big city lights, bustling market places skyscrapers. Many new health challenges and health hazards rises to the d enizen of city.In developing world ,environmental factors are the briny cause of compelling burden in terms of the of mortality and morbidity. Since a healthy environment is a prerequisite for a healthy population, a blend and broad approach to health and environment is required to protect both the environment and public health. In recent years mortality reduction come has although accelerated uneven improvement and large variations in health status persist both between and at heart countries. As Environment is linked with almost of the Millennium Development Goals. But by year 2015 MDGs will be difficult to achieve without proper attention being paid to the environmental risk factors and its management.Policies related to built environment in Developed countriesFor shaping our lifestyle and environment policy is a effectual tool. In Public health line of business researchers are made particularly in the areas how policy changes and to increase fleshly exertion by large scale investments are made in raptus scopework.Decisive factor in how people get to work is built environment. For active commute, to fabricate easier for people protected bike lanes, sidewalks and availability of bike storage. withal physical activity increases by access to public transportation, since it gives people a chance to walk to and from a bus stop . local trains and metro station.Land-Use PoliciesDuring the blend half of the 20th century and the early part of the 21st century In the U.S., for highway development the direct subsidies and federal caparison loans are cardinal major policy decisions that fuelled the rise of sprawling suburban developments. N peerlesstheless, local cities and towns can enact policies for land-use, such as building codes and zoning regulations and to support physical activity create community-wide environments.Access to Public TransportationPublic transportation may help sluggish individuals to travel their workplaces in daily routine ,as it is cost potent especially for people low-income and minority groups, and good for daily physical activity. For disease control and prevention it is recommend for communities to improve access to public transport, this may throw out people to use it.Bike and Pedestrian-Friendly Street Designs and PoliciesIn the Netherlands, by contrast, trips are made by bike are 27 percent .While U.S. people are making more trips by walking .inn 2009 it is approx 10.5 percent of all trips.In Europe umber of policies has been proposed based on successful support of active transport. This policies focuses on making streets safer for walking and biking minimize speed limits, more time for longer pedestrian crossing, voluminous sidewalks, planting should be done to calm traffic in the roadways, city zones should be auto-free and protected, dedicated lanes for bike are few approaches. Some Other options include offering incentives for not using cars.In early 2000s capital of the United Kingdom made broa d bike path, bike parking, and development of traffic safety and congestion pricing .In 2003 drivers have to pay fine to enter in city. From 2000 to 2008 these changes have been accompanied by a doubling in bicycle trips and a 12 percent reduction in serious cycling injuries.In the U.S., to make roads safer for drivers, pedestrians and cyclist a list of policies are made by the National Complete Streets Coalition for local, state, and federal governments.Our surroundings and the policies that shape them have a substantial impact on where, when, how, and how much physical activity we get on a daily basis. Obesity epidemic is caused by lack of physical activity, friendly environments is one way to help turn around the epidemic. Buildings ,roads, communities are many elements to an activity-friendly environment encourage walking and biking there are some teeming and appealing places as parks, garden and playground (2).The city has in fact become a key focus for promoting sustainable d evelopment policy within UK.( which city.)Make greater use of integrated urban development policy approaches (by creating and ensuring high- fictional character public spaces, modernising infrastructure networks and improving energy efficiency, proactive innovation and educational policies. reconcile special attention to deprived neighbourhoods within the context of the city as a whole (by pursuing strategies to upgrade the physical environment, strengthen the local miserliness and local labour market policy, instigate proactive education and training policies, and promote efficient and affordable urban transport.For example, By 2050 Vancouver city in Canada essential a plan to be the worlds greenest city and has approach to determined action plan to achieve its calculate with the competition with London, New York, San Francisco, Sydney and capital of Sweden such cities.By 2020 majority of people travels through public transport, cycling and walking.By 2020,0 % waste so that soli d waste per capita going to dumping ground or cinerarium is reduced by 40%.BY 2020 Easy access to nature and green spaces with everyone living within a 5 arcsecond walk of such space which will also see the planting of 150, 000 more trees.Human HealthBy 2020 taking pleasure of the best inebriation water of any prime city in the world by meeting/beating national and international standards and 33% reducing per capita consumption.By 2020 WHO target access to the cleanest air of any major world city by meeting/beating.Policies related to built environment in Developing countriesThe built environment in many developing countries is fast decaying. The factors responsible can be traced to rapid urbanization, rural- urban migration, steady economic downturn, decay of urban infrastructure, and poor quality of original construction, lack of integrated planning, negligent urban housekeeping, and preservation of historic value, disaster and war.This problem is more felt in Africa and Asia wh ere half of the population are either homeless or living in houses which are dangerous to health and an affront to human dignity. Nearly 80.0% of the urban population lives in slums and squatty settlements without adequate water, lighting, sanitation and waste disposal (World Bank, 2005)Following are some of the policy suggestions in developing countries The first to be considered is the need for quality housing and hygienic environment. To achieve this, extensive redevelopment and upgrading programmes through the provision of urban basic services are essential in the area priority should be given to provision of portable water disposal facilities, and proper maintenance of drainages. Sanitary inspections should be regularly carried out on provision of household facilities with the enforcement of environmental sanitary laws. Adequate funding should be given to Waste Management Authority for effective service as well as improved health facilities in the Area. Generally, poverty tend s to breed poor environmental and unhygienic conditions that have great impact on human health. This is because poor cannot afford for the facility for a healthy living, most especially, quality housing thus they become vulnerable to health risks. To avoid this situation and assure good environmental standard, public prudence and environmental education would be necessary to keep the people well informed about the importance of healthy and hygienic environment. There is only one choice to make and that is preservation and proper management of our environment in such a way that it can be useful for the future generation. As we know health is wealth. The most promising area where the greatest impact can be made in combating the disease burden in our environments and operate a stable healthier and longer lifespan for people surely lies on investment in environmental sanitation, good housing condition and honorable health. Adequate plans should be made therefore to involve stakeholde rs, individuals and governments (local, state and federal) to redeeming the image of deplorable parts of our cities and rescue the lives of the poor residents.(3)

La Ficción y la Verdad :: Spanish Essays

RESUMEN La filosofa clsica, adhiriendo a una concepcin de la verdad como adecuacin o correspondencia, con la garanta de la subjetividad moderna en sus distintas variantes, ubic a la ficcin como a una anttesis devaluada de la verdad. Luego de una revalorizacin de la ficcin, en el siglo pasado, desde posiciones utilitaristas, abordamos una tesis de Paul Ricoeur, que correlaciona transculturalmente la actividad narrativa con el caracter temporal de la existencia humana. El eje fuerza de la obra analizada es la nocin aristotlica de mmesis, desdoblada en tres dimensiones I) prefiguracin prctica en torno a la vida cotidiana II) configuracin textual y III) refiguracin receptiva a travs de la lectura. La mmesis II , que abre el paso al como si, opera como mediacin entre el mundo de la vida -mmesis I- y la lectura refiguradora -mmesis III- y es la mediacin entre el tiempo y la narracin y entre la narracin y la verdad. La confeccin de la trama, como actividad mimtica fabuladora, est regulada en un proceso de esquematizacin, en el sentido kantiano, ya que include factores particulares en un todo -sensible e inteligible- bajo los parmetros del tiempo. La ficcin y la verdad se relacionan entoces libremente bajo la jida narrativa, sin la sujecin a un conciencia fundante, desplazndose a travs de una identidad narrativa, que no es una yoidad formal, ni es un cambio indeterminado, al estilode Hume o Nietzsche, sino una ipseidad, que va de la vida al texto y del texto a la lectura, en una relacin de inmanencia trascendencia.En su referencia etimolgica, el trmino ficcin, remite a dos acepciones principales a) dar forma, formar, modelar y b) simular, fingir (ficcin potica). Las dos significaciones se ligan a una tercera imaginar. Es vlido localizar a la ficcin en el mbito de lo irrreal, pero adems, la filosofa y el pensamiento clsicos han ubicado a la ficcin y a la verdad como antitticos, entendiendo a sta ltima,como adecuacin o correspondencia a una realidad en s. en este sen tido, la ficcin fue relegada a mera imaginera o mentira literaria. El estatuto de la ficcin comienza a variar, cuando a comienzos del siglo XIX, Jeremy Benthan, representante del utilitarismo ingls, apelando a la insuficiencia de las definiciones por gnero y diferencia, recurre a las ficciones. Dice este autor que las entidades reales se vinculan con lo real mediante conceptos simples, en cambio las ficticias designan indirectamente a las entidades reales.

The Physics Of An Earthquake :: essays research papers

Earthquakes are vibrations produced in the earths outer layer, or crust, when forces pushing on a mass of rock overcome the clangor holding the rock in place and blocks of rock slip against each other. The vibrations can range from barely noticeable to verry injurious. There are six types of semiconsciousness waves. Two are classified as body waves which means they travel through the earths interior and the other four are surface waves. The waves are changed by the rock types or formations they hit. Primary or compressional waves (P waves) send particles moveing back and forth in the same direction as the waves are traveling, secondary or transverse shear waves (S waves) send vibrations perpendicular to their direction of travel. P waves always travel at higher velocities than S waves. Three general classes of earthquakes are now recognized as tectonic, volcanic, and artificially produced. The tectonic variety is by far the most destructive. The most commen cause of tectonic qu akes is stresses by movements of the dozen of major and minor surfaces that mold up the earths crust . Most tectonic quakes occur at the boundaries of these plates, in zones where one plate slides past anotherSubduction-zone quakes account for nearly half of the worlds destructive seismic events and 75 percent of the earths seismic energy. They are along the so-called Ring of Fire, a narrow band about 38,600 km long, that coincides with the sides of the Pacific Ocean. The points at which crustal rupture occurs in such quakes tend to be far below the earths surface, at depths of up to 645 km. Not all subduction zones are subject to frequent earthquakes.The frequency and magnitude of earthquakes around subduction zones are related to the direction in which the plates are moving. If two plates moving in the same general direction come confining together, generally the edge of one plate will slide below the other at a sharp angle. This reduces the amount of area in which the plates t ouch, so the subduction zone does not produce many earthquakes and any earthquakes it does produce are not as strong. If two plates are sliding beside each other, one plate will often be forced under the other at a shallow angle, making a large area of friction. This produces more frequent, stronger earthquakes.architectonic earthquakes beyond the Ring of Fire occur in a variety of geological settings.